ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Microplate</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microplate</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the geographical use, see <a href="List_of_tectonic_plates#Microplates" title="List of tectonic plates">List of tectonic plates § Microplates</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>microplate</b>, also known as a <b>microtiter plate</b>, <b>microwell plate</b> or <b>multiwell</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes. The microplate has become a standard tool in analytical research and clinical diagnostic testing laboratories. A very common usage is in the <a href="ELISA" title="ELISA">enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</a> (ELISA), the basis of most modern medical diagnostic testing in humans and animals.

</p><p>A microplate typically has 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384 or 1536 sample wells arranged in a 2:3 <a href="Rectangle" title="Rectangle">rectangular</a> <a href="Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrix</a>. Some microplates have been manufactured with 3456 or 9600 wells, and an "array tape" product has been developed that provides a continuous strip of microplates embossed on a flexible plastic tape.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Each well of a microplate typically holds somewhere between tens of nanolitres<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to several millilitres of liquid. They can also be used to store dry powder or as racks to support glass tube inserts. Wells can be either circular or square. For compound storage applications, square wells with close fitting silicone cap-mats are preferred. Microplates can be stored at low temperatures for long periods, may be heated to increase the rate of solvent evaporation from their wells and can even be heat-sealed with foil or clear film. Microplates with an embedded layer of filter material were developed in the early 1980s by several companies, and today, there are microplates for just about every application in life science research which involves filtration, separation, optical detection, storage, reaction mixing, cell culture and detection of antimicrobial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The enormous growth in studies of whole live cells has led to an entirely new range of microplate products which are "<a href="Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a> treated" especially for this work. The surfaces of these products are modified using an oxygen <a href="Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> discharge to make their surfaces more <a href="Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> so that it becomes easier for adherent cells to grow on the surface which would otherwise be strongly <a href="Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>.

</p>

<p>A number of companies have developed <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> to specifically handle microplates. These robots may be liquid handlers which aspirate or dispense liquid samples from and to these plates, or "plate movers" which transport them between instruments, plate stackers which store microplates during these processes, plate hotels for longer-term storage, plate washers for processing plates, plate thermal sealers for applying heat seals, de-sealers for removing heat seals, or microplate incubators to ensure constant temperature during testing. Instrument companies have designed <a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">plate readers</a> which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical events in samples stored in these plates. A specialized <a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">plate reader</a> has also been developed which can perform quality control of microplate well contents, capable of identifying empty wells, filled wells and precipitate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21609702_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21609702-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture_and_composition">Manufacture and composition</h2></div>

<p>The most common manufacturing process is <a href="Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">injection molding</a>, using materials such as polystyrene, polypropylene and cyclo-olefin for different temperature and chemical resistance needs. Glass is also a possible material, and <a href="Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">vacuum forming</a> can be used with many other plastics such as polycarbonate.

</p><p>Microplates are manufactured from a variety of materials:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene</a> (PS) is the most common, and is used for high-clarity optical detection microplates. It can be coloured white by the addition of <a href="Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> for optical <a href="Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> or <a href="Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a> detection or black by the addition of <a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> for <a href="Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> biological assays. But, it has poor resistance to organic solvents. It also starts melting at around 80˚C, and thus cannot be autoclaved.<sup id="cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enzyscreen-plastics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a> (PP) is used for the construction of plates subject to wide changes in temperature, such as storage at −80 °C and thermal cycling. It has excellent properties for the long-term storage of novel chemical <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> and high resistance to organic solvents. It can be sterilized by autoclaving at 121˚C.<sup id="cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enzyscreen-plastics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly leachables including <a href="Plasticizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticizers">plasticizers</a> (i.e. phthalates), whiteners, and heavy metals (<a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>) are more of a concern with PP versus PS plates.<sup id="cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enzyscreen-plastics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Cyclo-olefins (<a href="Cyclic_olefin_polymer" title="Cyclic olefin polymer">COP</a> and <a href="Cyclic_olefin_copolymer" title="Cyclic olefin copolymer">COC</a>) are now being used to construct microplates which transmit <a href="Near-ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-ultraviolet">near-ultraviolet</a> light, allowing applications like protein assays via <a href="Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> measurements at 280 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>. But, COC has a poor resistance to organic solvents.</li>

<li><a href="Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate</a> (PC) is cheap and easy to mould and has been used for disposable microplates for the <a href="Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) method of <a href="Desoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleic acid">DNA</a> amplification.</li>

<li><a href="Soda_lime_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda lime glass">Glass</a> or <a href="Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> is also, albeit less commonly & rather expensively, used to construct microplates for special applications that require extreme resistance to organic solvents and/or the surface properties of glass, or the <a href="Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">ultraviolet C</a> transmission capability of quartz.</li></ul>

<p>Composite microplates, including filter bottom plates, <a href="Solid_phase_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid phase extraction">solid phase extraction</a> (SPE) plates, and even some advanced PCR plate designs, use multiple components and/or materials which are moulded separately and later assembled into a finished product. ELISA plates may now be assembled from twelve separate strips of eight wells, making it easier to only partially use a plate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats_and_Standardization_efforts">Formats and Standardization efforts</h2></div>

<p>Microplates are produced with the same standardized footprint,<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but using a variety of formats (see table below), materials (see <a href="#Manufacture_and_composition">above section</a>), plate heights, numbers of wells, well shapes, and well bottom heights, with some of these characteristics being more varied between manufacturers than others (see <a href="#Standardization_efforts">below section</a>).

</p>

<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe5">wells</th>

<th rowspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe5">volume<br>(<a href="Milliliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliter">mL</a>)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><b>number</b></td>

<td class="hintergrundfarbe5"><b>arrangement</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2 – 5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2 – 4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.5 – 3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.5 – 1.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.1 – 0.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.03 – 0.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.005 – 0.015; Usage in UHTS (Ultra HTS)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.001 – 0.005; Usage in UHTS (Ultra HTS).

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>There are also less common 192- and 768-well plates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization_efforts">Standardization efforts</h3></div>

<p>An attempt at standardizing microplates was made by the Society for Biomolecular Sciences with the ANSI-Standards (ANSI/SBS 1-2004, ANSI/SBS 2-2004, ANSI/SBS 3-2004, ANSI/SBS 4-2004).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards have been updated to and are now known as the ANSI <a href="Society_for_Laboratory_Automation_and_Screening" title="Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening">SLAS</a> standards.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Footprint_&_flange_(standardized)">Footprint & flange (standardized)</h4></div>

<p>The ANSI SLAS microplate standards define a footprint, and a bottom flange geometry. These footprints & flanges are generally rigorously followed by all microplate manufacturers:

</p>

<ul><li>Footprint standard<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (127.76 mm × 85.48 mm ± 0.5 mm)</li>

<li>Flange standard<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corner_notch">Corner notch</h4></div>

<p>Although a corner notch (aka chamfer) is shown at the A1 (top-left) corner in the ANSI SLAS drawings, and many microplates do implement this A1 corner notch, in actuality the "quantity and location of chamfers(s) is optional",<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so in practice the presence or absence of corner notches at additional corners (i.e. the bottom-left) is a proprietary implementation which causes difficulties with accessory cross-compatibility such as with microplate lids that may also implement the matching corner notch.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Well_position_(standardized)">Well position (standardized)</h4></div>

<p>The well position is also standardized, but only for 96- , 384-, and 1536-well plates. These are generally well followed by manufacturers:

</p>

<ul><li>Well Positions<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_link_highlight_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_link_highlight-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_direct_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_direct-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>96-well plates have a 9 mm well-to-well spacing, 384-wells a 4.5 mm spacing, and 1536-wells a 2.25 mm spacing. A notable characteristic is that the well array is symmetrical when the plate is rotated 180˚ around its Z-axis (height axis). Therefore, scientific instruments which use microplates, can accept the plate in one of two rotated orientations - either "correct" or 180˚ rotated.

</p><p>Other variants like 24-well plates, are not considered in the standard, but there is a <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> to implement to 24-wells by apply the same scaling factor as the 384- to 96-well transition, i.e. 24-wells have an 18 mm spacing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Well_shape">Well shape</h4></div>

<p>Notably, the shape and diameter of the well is not standardized, and has several proprietary implementations. This causes difficulties with accessory cross-compatibility such as with microplate cap mats.

</p><p>Wells within the microplate are available in different shapes:

</p>

<ul><li>Round well</li>

<li>Square well</li></ul>

<p>Wells also have different geometries at the bottom of the well:

</p>

<ul><li>F-Bottom: flat bottom (compatible with through-well optical <a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">plate reader</a> measurements)</li>

<li>V-Bottom: V-shaped bottom (<a href="Cone" title="Cone">conical</a> for round wells, <a href="Square_pyramid" title="Square pyramid">square pyramid</a> for square wells; improves aspiration of low liquid volumes)</li>

<li>U-Bottom: U-shaped bottom (<a href="Sphere" title="Sphere">half sphere</a>; improves aspiration of low liquid volumes)</li>

<li>C-Bottom: bottom with minimal rounded edges</li></ul>

<p>Round wells in particular often come in a few diameters:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Well_Bottom_Elevation">Well Bottom Elevation</h4></div>

<p>The most recent addition to the ANSI SLAS microplate standards was the inclusion of a well bottom standard. The standard however specifies definitions and test methods only, for the "Microplate Well Bottom Elevation (WBE)", "Well Bottom Elevation Variation (WBEV)", and "Intra-Well Bottom Elevation Variation (IWBEV)", but it does not state a preferred value or limits for those dimensional definitions. Therefore all well bottom heights are currently proprietary implementations without a clear <i>de facto</i> standard. This lack of standardization can cause difficulties with applications such as automated <a href="Autosampler" title="Autosampler">autosampler</a> needle injection.

</p>

<ul><li>Well Bottom Elevation<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_link_highlight_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_link_highlight-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_direct_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_direct-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_microplate_height">Standard microplate height</h4></div>

<p>The height of a standard microplate is also defined, however this is sometimes not followed by manufacturers, even if they follow the footprint and flange standards.

</p>

<ul><li>Height<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_link_highlight_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_link_highlight-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_direct_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_direct-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (14.35 mm ± 0.76 mm)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microplate_variants_with_increased_heights">Microplate variants with increased heights</h4></div>

<p>There are also deep well microplates sometimes called "blocks". Unlike plates of normal height, the ANSI SLAS 2-2004 height standard,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not define a standard height for deep well plates (blocks). Deepwell plates do typically follow a <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> height of 44 mm.

</p><p>Reservoir plates are also commercially available.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reservoir plates have columns of wells (as in 96-well, 24-well, etc. plates) that are fused into single wells, so that they provide additional volume for multichannel pipettes. Like deepwell plates or blocks, they often follow a <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> height of 44 mm.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skirts">Skirts</h4></div>

<p>Microplates used for <a href="Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a> are designed to have a notably thinner wall thickness than standard ANSI/SLAS microplates (to allow for better <a href="Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal conduction</a>), and to come in a few different "skirt" types: full-skirt, half-skirt or semi-skirted, and unskirted or no-skirted. The skirt is analogous to the <a href="#Footprint_&_flange_(standardized)">footprint & flange</a> of the ANSI/SLAS standards, so while most full-skirt PCR microplates may be ANSI/SLAS compliant, other deviations such as semi-skirted or others, are not compliant ANSI/SLAS standards.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The earliest microplate was created in 1951 by a Hungarian, Dr. <a href="Gyula_Tak%C3%A1tsy" title="Gyula Takátsy">Gyula Takátsy</a>, who machined six rows of 12 "wells" in <a href="Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">Lucite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Dr. John Louis Sever modified the Hungarian design into a 96-well plate, which he published in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, common usage of the microplate began in the late 1980s when John Liner introduced a molded version. By 1990 there were more than 15 companies producing a wide range of microplates with different features. It was estimated that 125 million microplates were used in 2000 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Microtiter" is a registered trademark of Thermo Electron OY (<span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=754,087">U.S. Trademark 754,087</a></span>.)

</p><p>Other trade names for microplates include Viewplate and Unifilter (introduced in the early 1990s by Polyfiltronics and sold by Packard Instrument, which is now part of PerkinElmer).

</p><p>In 1996, the <a href="Society_for_Biomolecular_Screening" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Biomolecular Screening">Society for Biomolecular Screening</a> (SBS), later known as Society for Biomolecular Sciences, began an initiative to create a standard definition of a microplate. A series of standards was proposed in 2003 and published by the <a href="American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) on behalf of the SBS. The standards govern various characteristics of a microplate including well positioning (but not shape, depth, and diameter) as well as plate properties, which allows <a href="Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> between microplates, instrumentation and equipment from different suppliers, and is particularly important in <a href="Laboratory_automation" title="Laboratory automation">laboratory automation</a>. In 2010, the <a href="Society_for_Biomolecular_Sciences" title="Society for Biomolecular Sciences">Society for Biomolecular Sciences</a> merged with the <a href="Association_for_Laboratory_Automation" title="Association for Laboratory Automation">Association for Laboratory Automation</a> (ALA) to form a new organisation, the <a href="Society_for_Laboratory_Automation_and_Screening" title="Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening">Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening</a> (SLAS). Henceforth, the microplate standards are known as ANSI SLAS standards.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanotiter" title="Nanotiter">Nanotiter plate</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206181221/http://www.corporeality.net/museion/category/medical-scientific-instruments/">"Medical scientific instruments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corporeality.net/museion/category/medical-scientific-instruments/">the original</a> on 2011-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_May2007" class="citation news cs1">Elaine May (2007-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224012516/http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chtitem.aspx?tid=2136"><date>/url=http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chtitem.aspx?tid=2136 "Array Tape for Miniaturized Genotyping"</a>. <i><a href="Genetic_Engineering_%26_Biotechnology_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News">Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News</a></i>. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chtitem.aspx?tid=2136">the original</a> on 2009-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>. <q>(subtitle) Processing hundreds of microplate equivalents without complex plate-handling equipment</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindströmErikssonVazinSandberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lindström, Sara; Eriksson, Malin; Vazin, Tandis; Sandberg, Julia; Lundeberg, Joakim; Frisén, Jonas; Andersson-Svahn, Helene (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736590">"High-density microwell chip for culture and analysis of stem cells"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>4</b> (9): e6997. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.6997L">2009PLoSO...4.6997L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006997">10.1371/journal.pone.0006997</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736590">2736590</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750008">19750008</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeibullAntypasKjällBrauner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weibull, Emilie; Antypas, Haris; Kjäll, Peter; Brauner, Annelie; Andersson-Svahn, Helene; Richter-Dahlfors, Agneta (2014-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313156">"Bacterial nanoscale cultures for phenotypic multiplexed antibiotic susceptibility testing"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</i>. <b>52</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3310–</span>3317. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.01161-14">10.1128/JCM.01161-14</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-660X">1098-660X</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313156">4313156</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24989602">24989602</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindströmLarssonSvahn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lindström, Sara; Larsson, Rolf; Svahn, Helene Andersson (2008-03-01). "Towards high-throughput single cell/clone cultivation and analysis". <i>Electrophoresis</i>. <b>29</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1219–</span>1227. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Felps.200700536">10.1002/elps.200700536</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0173-0835">0173-0835</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18288779">18288779</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25258352">25258352</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAntypasVeses-GarciaWeibullAndersson-Svahn2018" class="citation journal cs1">Antypas, H.; Veses-Garcia, M.; Weibull, E.; Andersson-Svahn, H.; Richter-Dahlfors, A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5996734">"A universal platform for selection and high-resolution phenotypic screening of bacterial mutants using the nanowell slide"</a>. <i>Lab on a Chip</i>. <b>18</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1767–</span>1777. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc8lc00190a">10.1039/c8lc00190a</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-0197">1473-0197</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5996734">5996734</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29781496">29781496</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFInglin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Inglin, Raffael C. (2015). "High-throughput screening assays for antibacterial and antifungal activities of Lactobacillus species". <i>Journal of Microbiological Methods</i>. <b>114</b> (July 2015): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mimet.2015.04.011">10.1016/j.mimet.2015.04.011</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25937247">25937247</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid21609702-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21609702_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaillargeon_P,_Scampavia_L,_Einsteder_R,_Hodder_P2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baillargeon P, Scampavia L, Einsteder R, Hodder P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417353">"Monitoring of HTS compound library quality via a high-resolution image acquisition and processing instrument"</a>. <i>J Lab Autom</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>203. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jala.2011.02.004">10.1016/j.jala.2011.02.004</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417353">3417353</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21609702">21609702</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-enzyscreen-plastics-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enzyscreen-plastics_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enzyscreen.com/article/basic-information-on-plastics/">"Basic information on plastics"</a>. <i>Enzyscreen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_link_highlight_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/#:~:text=ANSI%20SLAS%201%2D2004%20(R2012)%3A%20Footprint%20Dimensions">"ANSI SLAS 1-2004 - Footprint Dimensions for Microplates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_direct_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ANSI_SLAS_1-2004_FootprintDimensions.pdf">"ANSI SLAS 1-2004 - Footprint Dimensions for Microplates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Microarrays & microplates : applications in biomedical sciences</i>. Ye, S. (Shu), 1961-, Day, Ian N. M. Oxford, UK: BIOS. 2003. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85996-074-5</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51032550">51032550</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society for Biomolecular Sciences (Hrsg.): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/">Microplate Standards Working Group – Published Standards</a></i>. retrieved am: 12 February 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_link_highlight_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/#:~:text=Bottom%20Outside%20Flange%20Dimensions">"ANSI SLAS 3-2004 - Bottom Outside Flange Dimensions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_direct_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ANSI_SLAS_3-2004_BottomOutsideFlangeDimensions.pdf">"ANSI SLAS 3-2004 - Bottom Outside Flange Dimensions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_link_highlight-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_link_highlight_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/#:~:text=Well%20Positions">"ANSI SLAS 4-2004 -Well Positions for Microplates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_direct-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_direct_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ANSI_SLAS_4-2004_WellPositions.pdf">"ANSI SLAS 4-2004 - Well Positions for Microplates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBio-One" class="citation web cs1">Bio-One, Greiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/files/21006157/655201.pdf">"Customer Drawing - 96 Well Microplate, PP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_link_highlight-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_link_highlight_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/#:~:text=ANSI%20SLAS%206%2D2012%3A%20Well%20Bottom%20Elevation">"ANSI SLAS 6-2012 - Well Bottom Elevation for Microplates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_direct-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_6-2012_direct_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ASNI_SLAS_6-WellBottomElevation.pdf">"ANSI SLAS 6-2012 - Well Bottom Elevation for Microplates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_link_highlight-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_link_highlight_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/#:~:text=Height%20Dimensions%0A">"ANSI SLAS 2-2004 - Height Dimensions for Microplates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_direct-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_direct_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_HeightDimensions.pdf">"ANSI SLAS 2-2004 - Height Dimensions for Microplates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSLAS" class="citation web cs1">SLAS, ANSI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slas.org/SLAS/assets/File/public/standards/ANSI_SLAS_2-2004_HeightDimensions.pdf">"Height Dimensions for Microplates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agilent.com/en/product/microplates/standard-custom-microplates/reservoir-microplates-740875">"Reservoir Microplates"</a>. Agilent.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarkas_E.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Farkas E. (27 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1992/A1992JC14700001.pdf">"Microtitrations in serology and virology – a citation-classic commentary on the use of spiral loops in serological and virological micro-methods by Takatsy, G."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Contents/Life Sciences</i> (30): 10.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTakatsy_G1950" class="citation journal cs1">Takatsy G (1950). "Uj modszer sorozatos higitasok gyors es pontos elvegzesere" [A rapid and accurate method for serial dilutions]. <i>Kiserl. Orvostud</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">393–</span>7.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSever1962" class="citation journal cs1">Sever, John Louis (1 March 1962). "Application of a Microtechnique to Viral Serological Investigations". <i>The Journal of Immunology</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>329. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.88.3.320">10.4049/jimmunol.88.3.320</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFManns1999" class="citation book cs1">Manns, Roy (1999). <i>Microplate History</i> (2 ed.).</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microtiter_plates" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Microtiter plates">Microtiter plates</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.biotek.com/resources/docs/Necessity_is_the_mother_of_invention_GIT-Verlag.pdf">[1]</a> An article about the invention of the microplate, published in G.I.T. Laboratory Journal (accessed 06/10/10)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oek.hu/oek.web?nid=499&pid=1">[2]</a> Dr. Gyula Takátsy, at the Hungarian National Center of Epidemiology website (accessed 06/10/10)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.slas.org/education/ansi-slas-microplate-standards/">[3]</a> Official website publishing Microplate Standards</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laboratory_equipment100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Laboratory_equipment100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory#Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory">Laboratory equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Heaters</li><li>Dryers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">Alcohol burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">Heating mantle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">Hot plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Meker%E2%80%93Fisher_burner" title="Meker–Fisher burner">Meker–Fisher burner</a></li>

<li>Striker</li>

<li><a href="Teclu_burner" title="Teclu burner">Teclu burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">Water bath</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_dry_box" title="Vacuum dry box">Vacuum dry box</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mixers</li><li>Shakers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemostat" title="Chemostat">Chemostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">Magnetic stirrer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaker_(laboratory)" title="Shaker (laboratory)">Shaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_rod" title="Glass rod">Stirring rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortex_mixer" title="Vortex mixer">Vortex mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wash_bottle" title="Wash bottle">Wash bottle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Stands</li><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> <br></li><li>Holders</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Beaker clamp</li>

<li><a href="Clamp_holder" title="Clamp holder">Clamp holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(laboratory)" title="Tripod (laboratory)">Tripod</a></li>

<li><a href="Burette_clamp" title="Burette clamp">Burette clamp</a></li>

<li>Extension clamp</li>

<li>Flask clamp</li>

<li>Funnel support</li>

<li>Pinch clamp</li>

<li><a href="Retort_stand" title="Retort stand">Retort stand</a></li>

<li>Screw clamp</li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_holder" title="Test tube holder">Test tube holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">Wire gauze</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_drying_rack" title="Laboratory drying rack">Lab drying rack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Containers <br></li><li>Storage</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">Cryogenic storage dewar</a></li>

<li><a href="Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li>

<li><a href="Laminar_flow_cabinet" title="Laminar flow cabinet">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></li>

<li><a href="Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li>

<li>Weighing boat</li>

<li>Weighing dish</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclave</a></li>

<li>Balance brush</li>

<li><a href="Cork_borer" title="Cork borer">Cork borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Forceps" title="Forceps">Forceps</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_centrifuge" title="Laboratory centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeclay_triangle" title="Pipeclay triangle">Pipeclay triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Splint_(laboratory_equipment)" title="Splint (laboratory equipment)">Splint</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_rubber_stopper" title="Laboratory rubber stopper">Stopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoopula" title="Scoopula">Scoopula</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_brush" title="Test tube brush">Test tube brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glassware100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Glassware</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dean%E2%80%93Stark_apparatus" title="Dean–Stark apparatus">Dean–Stark</a></li>

<li><a href="Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Condensers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">Cold finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evaporating_dish" title="Evaporating dish">Evaporating</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri</a></li>

<li><a href="Syracuse_dish" title="Syracuse dish">Syracuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">Watch glass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Vacuum (Dewar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernbach_flask" title="Fernbach flask">Fernbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleaker" title="Fleaker">Fleaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk</a></li>

<li><a href="Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Hirsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropping_funnel" title="Dropping funnel">Dropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">Separatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a></li>

<li><a href="Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Eye dropper</a></li>

<li><a href="Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">Eudiometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostwald_viscometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald viscometer">Ostwald viscometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glass_tube" title="Glass tube">Tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cragie_tube" title="Cragie tube">Cragie</a></li>

<li><a href="NMR_tube" title="NMR tube">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele</a></li>

<li><a href="Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AutoAnalyzer" title="AutoAnalyzer">AutoAnalyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="CHN_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="CHN analyzer">CHN analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph (GC)</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Liquid chromatograph (LC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer (MS)</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_meter" title="PH meter">pH meter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">Analytical balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony counter">Colony counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_plater" title="Spiral plater">Spiral plater</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">Plate reader</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bench_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench power supply">Bench power supply</a>

<ul><li><a href="Current_source" title="Current source">Current source</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">Voltage source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Galvanostat" title="Galvanostat">Galvanostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulse_generator" title="Pulse generator">Pulse generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Potentiostat" title="Potentiostat">Potentiostat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">Soldering iron</a></li>

<li><a href="Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alligator_clip" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator clip">Alligator clip</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_probe" title="Test probe">Test probe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Safety100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Safety</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective<br>equipment (PPE)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Apron" title="Apron">Rubber apron</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Safety shower</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eye and hand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glove" title="Glove">Acid-resistant gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Eyewash station</a></li>

<li><a href="Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glove box</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Medical gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasses" title="Glasses">Safety glasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Goggles" title="Goggles">Safety goggles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_cabinet" title="Safety cabinet">Safety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_cabinet" title="Solvent cabinet">Solvent cabinet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Instruments_used_in_medical_laboratories" title="Instruments used in medical laboratories">Instruments used in medical laboratories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Microplate&oldid=1301136197">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>